One of the new skills learned in this chapter is visualizing and drawing representations of how light is affected as it is reflected off a mirror or refracted by a lens. Although it is possible to buy lenses that have aspherically curved surfaces, the vast majority of lenses have spherically curved surfaces. Spie is a notforprofit society that advances emerging technologies through interdisciplinary information exchange, continuing education. Geometric optics intuition with mirrors and lenses concave convex diverging converging doc physics duration. Broadband dielectric mirrors offer near total reflection over a wide spectral range and are very durable. It first came into wide industrial use during the early sixteen hundreds in holland for microscopes and eyeglasses lippershey, leeuwenhoek, and also in england through robert hookean arch enemy of. As a convention we will draw our diagrams in such a way that light incident upon the optical system is traveling from left to right. This curriculum was developed for a seniorlevel optics course at brigham young university. As of 2010, mirrors and lenses are so prevalent that most people use them every day, regardless of whether or not they consciously perceive the use. Edmund optics offers a range of laser, flat, metal substrate, focusing, or. To the right of the lens is water refractive index 1. Broadband metallic mirrors provide a good combination of performance and value over a very broad spectral range and are relatively insensitive to angle of incidence and polarization. The focal length, f, is the distance between f and the lens.
Review the fundamentals of mirrors and lenses in geometric optics with this comprehensive online physics chapter. Difference between mirror and lens with comparison chart. Properties of lenses the lens is the an object central to the functioning of most optical systems. A mirror is usually of a glass or a metal, but a lens is of glass or plastic.
Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as xrays, microwaves, and radio waves. Lenses and mirrors a lens is a transparent device with two curved surfaces, usually made of glass or plastic, that uses refraction to form an image of an object. Images can also be formed by light reflected from curved mirrors. A spherical surface is simply some portion of the surface of a sphere. The line through the centre of the lens is called the principle axis. Rays parallel to the axis are focused through the second focal point, rays passing through the. In this lab you will study spherical lenses and mirrors.
Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. An educators guide with activities in science and mathematics eg20001064msfc 9 convex mirror object 3 1 c 2 f image i r optical axis introduction to lenses a simple lens is a piece of glass or plastic having two polished surfaces that each form part of a sphere or ball. Geometrical optics in describing the propagation of light as a wave we need to understand. A mirror will have only one focal point, which is in front of the mirror. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses elements, usually arranged along a common axis. The goal of the experiment is to be able to analyze ray diagrams so as to determine fundamental properties of image formation. Adjust the position of the lens and the slit plate to obtain parallel rays on the ray table. The most apparent distinction between mirrors and lenses are that mirrors reflect light rays light bounces back while light rays are refracted passthrough through a lens. A lens can focus light to form an image, unlike a prism, which refracts light without focusing. Trace the outline of the mirror on a piece of paper. For the curved mirror, a real image forms on the same side as the object, as shown in figure 2. Mirrors, which have curved surfaces designed to reflect rays, also form images.
At the end of the presentation the ss will be able to differentiate. This optics workbook is going to save you and your students so much time in your physics and science classes. Ifthe outside, or convex surface, is silvered, we have a convex mirror. Many of edmund optics lenses are offered with a variety of coating options for the ultraviolet uv, visible, or infrared ir spectrums. Plane mirrors science and mathematics education research group supported by ubc teaching and learning enhancement fund 20122014 department of curriculum and pedagogy a place of mind f a c u l t y o f e d u c a t i o n. Optical mirrors are designed to reflect light for a variety of applications, including beam steering, interferometry, imaging, or illumination. Geometric optics converging lenses and mirrors physics lab iv objective in this set of lab exercises, the basic properties geometric optics concerning converging lenses and mirrors will be explored. Images are formed by lenses and mirrors where light rays cross or focus. This editable, 64page workbook provides lessons and homework covering light, electromagnetic spectrum and types of em waves, protecting yourself from the suns radiation, light production, properties of light, images in plane mirrors, curved mirrors including ray diagrams. A lens will have two focal points, one on either side of the lens.
Lenses in optics applications types of lenses physics. Optical mirrors are used in a wide range of industries, such as life sciences, astronomy, metrology, semiconductor, or solar. A very interesting difference between a concave mirror and a convex lens is this. Image formation for mirrors and lenses type focal length f object distance s image distance s character orientation size concave mirror converging lens f 0 s 2f f 2f real inverted enlarged s mirror diverging lens f 0 s lens made of glass of refractive index 1. An optical system mirrors or lenses can produce an image of the object by redirecting the light. Understanding how light rays can be manipulated allows us to create better contact lenses, fiber optic cables, and high powered telescopes. Use the mirror equations to determine location, size, orientation, and nature of images formed with spherical mirrors. Study guide the optics of mirrors use with text pages 558563 use the terms in the list below to fill in the blanks in the paragraphs about mirrors. Two prisms can bend light toward the principal axis acting like a crude converging lens but cannot create a sharp focus. Mirrors and lenses discuss what happens when the direction of a ray of light is changed by a mirror or a lens. Frankl your own mind is a sacred enclosure into which nothing harmful can enter except by your promotion.
Our mission is to provide a free, worldclass education to anyone, anywhere. Place the paper on the ray table and adjust the mirror on top so that the rays are parallel to the optical axis. Optical images due to lenses and mirrors article pdf available in journal. This method, long used in astronomical telescopes, is applied to longfocus lens systems of short overall length by folding the light path back onto itself. Lenses or mirrors with flat surfaces are said to have an infinite radius of curvature. T i t o mirror geometry given as a conic section rot surface. A collection of electronic material related to the text is available atoptics. Sign convention for spherical mirrors and thin lenses.
Introduction to geometric optics for lenses and mirrors. Mirrors and lenses both have the ability to reflect or refract light. Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. With a converging lens, paraxial rays that are parallel to the principal axis converge to the focal point, f. At the end of the presentation, the ss will be able to correctly differentiate between the three types of mirrors. This is because we observe the processes emission, reflection, scattering at a distance 10cms with bare eyes that are much longer than the wavelength of light 107. Lenses are made from materials such as glass or plastic, and are ground and polished or molded to a desired shape. Optics handout on multiple lenses pdf three organizations that are leaders in optics and photonics are proud to be the national sponsors of the science olympiad optics events for division b and c. Mirrors and lenses reflection we describe the path of light as straightline rays reflection off a flat surface follows a simple rule. Geometrical optics mirror and lenses outline reflection plane mirrors concaveconvex mirrors refraction lenses dispersion. This is a zipped folder containing a pdf and an editable version of each of the following. Key ideas are summarized in tables and rules of thumb.
A converging beam of light is incident upon the lens directed toward a virtual object o that is 60 cm from the lens. Depending on the position of the object, the nature of image may vary, i. Reflectionmirrors mirrors reflective devices and lenses refractive devices are both apertures and are similar to each other. Light waves can be bent and reflected to form new and sometimes altered images. It also includes optical data processing, which involves the manipulation of the information content of an image formed by coherent optical systems. Finally, the magnification of a mirror or lens is given by the formula hh ss where h is the height of the image and h is the height of the object. For lenses, a real image forms on the opposite side of the object, as shown in figure 4. A spherical mirror consists of a small section of the surface of a sphere with one side of the surface covered with a polished reflecting material, usually silver or aluminum. Goals at the end of the presentation the student will be able to correctly differentiate between absorption, reflection and refraction. Lenses lenses refract light in such a way that an image of the light source is formed. In order to solve a question in geometric optics, then, it is necessary to know the power of the optical system.
This property has put mirrors and lenses in use for centuries. Geometrical optics has to do with the principles that govern the imageforming properties of lenses, mirrors, and other devices that make use of light. Concave converging mirror top and convex diverging mirror bottom. There are three basic optical elements for which we. A concave mirror converges lights rays to a focal point and a convex lens does the same thing. We offer an extensive variety of optical mirrors to provide an ideal solution for almost any application. Edmund optics offers the worlds largest inventory of offtheshelf optical components, which includes an extensive selection of stock optical lenses such as achromatic lenses or aspheric lenses. Mirrors and lenses are used to produce the image of whatever placed in front of it. Apparatus optics bench slit plate lens on stand light source ray optics mirror view screen. Lenses have focal points on either side because light shines through either side. Lenses and how brain adapts to the image reflected or absorbed. Optics workbook notes on light, reflection, refraction. This, too, i shall ignore, except for a brief foray in section 2. Pdf optical images due to lenses and mirrors researchgate.